| 1. |
- Eriksson, Helen, et al.
(author)
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Techniques for and consequences of using INSPIRE extensions : a case study with Swedish hydrological data
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research. - : Publication Office of the European Union. - 1725-0463. ; 13, s. 172-201
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The demand for easily available geographic information is increasing in society. Moreover, knowledge of spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) has increased in many European governmental agencies, in large part because of the implementation of the INSPIRE directive. Many countries, thus, recognise the need to provide more detailed geographic information as network services at the national level. One means of realising this goal is to create INSPIRE extensions, i.e., to extend the INSPIRE data specifications with more detailed and specific national information. This paper describes a study where a complex INSPIRE extension has been created to describe the national need of hydrography information in Sweden, based on the Swedish water system standard (SWSS). The study includes the creation of a UML application schema that extends the INSPIRE Hydrography (HY) theme, the transform from UML to an XSD schema, the creation of GML files, and finally, testing and evaluating the approach of using INSPIRE extensions. When evaluating the results, the consequences of replacing existing dataset/download services with one extended INSPIRE HY dataset/download service are evaluated from the perspectives of both users and data providers. The evaluation is carried out as quantitative tests of the resulting GML files, in a user-centric test where a user tests the applicability of the GML files in hydrological analyses, and by telephone interviews with personnel from Lantmäteriet, the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority. Beside these evaluations, the possible effects on the information modelling process when creating an INSPIRE extension are also examined. The study shows that it is possible to create complex INSPIRE extensions that include many object types, attributes and relations. From a user perspective, extended INSPIRE HY files do not differ substantially from SWSS files, and can be used in hydrological analyses. Data providers can relatively simply replace their current download services with one for the extended INSPIRE HY, but the specific economic consequences for this could not be drawn. It could be expected, though, that there can be both economic, administrative and maintenance advantages if today’s separate INSPIRE and national download services are replaced with services exposing datasets based on an extended INSPIRE data model for all adequate themes.
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| 2. |
- Sun, Jing, et al.
(author)
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Evaluating the geometric aspects of integrating BIM data into city models
- 2020
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In: Journal of Spatial Science. - UK : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1449-8596 .- 1836-5655. ; 65:2, s. 235-255
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) is used to acquire three-dimensional(3D) city model data over large areas. However, because of the longALS update cycle, building information models (BIM) could be utilizedto maintain city models. In this study, we designed, implemented, andevaluated a methodology to formalize the integration of BIM data intocity models. CityGML models were created from BIM data and ALS/footprint data based on common modelling guidelines. Both CityGMLbuilding models are modelled in a similar way and the relative differencesbetween the models are on the order of decimetres.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Helen, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of versioning methods to improve the information flow in the planning and building processes
- 2020
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In: Transactions in GIS. - : Wiley. - 1467-9671 .- 1361-1682.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Version management is a prerequisite for digital information flow between phases in the planning and building processes. Information evolves over time and many parties retrieve information from the various phases. The aim of this article is to evaluate versioning methods, focusing on geodata buildings in the 3D cadastre process. The main attention in the evaluation is on the comprehensive ISO standard Product Lifecycle Support (PLCS). PLCS is evaluated against two simpler versioning methods, the versioning in CityGML 3.0 and a modified Git versioning method implemented in CityJSON. CityGML 3.0 fulfils all but one requirement and PLCS meets all. The methods vary in complexity; the Git proposal is a simple solution, easy to implement and maintain, while PLCS includes all functionalities and is complex to implement. There is a trade‐off between number of functionalities and complexity, it is therefore important that the intended purpose determines the choice of versioning method.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Helen, et al.
(author)
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Versioning of 3D city models for municipality applications : Needs, obstacles and recommendations
- 2021
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In: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. - : MDPI AG. - 2220-9964. ; 10:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of 3D city models is changing from visualization to complex use cases where they act as 3D base maps. This requires links to registers and continuous updating of the city models. Still, most models never change or are recreated instead of updated. This study identifies obstacles to version management of 3D city models and proposes recommendations to overcome them, with a main focus on the municipality perspective, foremost in the planning and building processes. As part of this study, we investigate whether national building registers can control the version management of 3D city models. A case study based on investigations of standards, interviews and a review of tools is presented. The study uses an architectural model divided into four layers: data collection, building theme, city model and application. All layers require changes when implementing a new versioning method: the data collection layer requires restructuring of technical solutions and work processes, storage of the national building register requires restructuring, versioning capabilities must be propagated to the city model layer, and tools at the application layer must handle temporal information better. Strong incentives for including versioning in 3D city models are essential, as substantial investment is required to implement versioning in all the layers. Only capabilities required by applications should be implemented, as the complexity grows with the number of versioning functionalities. One outcome of the study is a recommendation to link 3D city models more closely to building registers. This enables more complex use in, e.g., building permits and 3D cadastres, and authorities can fetch required (versioning) information directly from the city model layer.
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